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Yōkai (妖怪, ghost, phantom, strange apparition) are a class of supernatural monsters, spirits and demons in Japanese folklore. The word yōkai is made up of the. Plot description, cast and crew information, and user comments. LATEST HEADLINES ‘Stranger Things’ Star Charlie Heaton Banned From US Because of Drug Traces – Report 28 October 2017 3:00 AM, UTC ‘Stranger Things. Tada Kimi wo Aishiteru: The Locker 2 (Movie) Tada's Do-It-All House: Disconcerto (Movie) The Long Excuse (Movie) Tag (Movie) The Longest Night in Shanghai.

Yōkai - Wikipedia. Yōkai(妖怪, ghost, phantom, strange apparition) are a class of supernatural monsters, spirits and demons in Japanese folklore. The word yōkai is made up of the kanji for "bewitching; attractive; calamity; " and "spectre; apparition; mystery; suspicious".[1] They can also be called ayakashi(あやかし), mononoke(物の怪), or mamono(魔物). Yōkai range diversely from the malevolent to the mischievous, or occasionally bring good fortune to those who encounter them. Often they possess animal features (such as the kappa, which is similar to a turtle, or the tengu which has wings), other times they can appear mostly human, some look like inanimate objects and others have no discernible shape.

Yōkai usually have spiritual or supernatural power, with shapeshifting being one of the most common. Yōkai that have the ability to shapeshift are called bakemono (化物) / obake (お化け). Japanese folklorists and historians use yōkai as "supernatural or unaccountable phenomena to their informants".

In the Edo period, many artists, such as Toriyama Sekien, created yōkai inspired by folklore or their own ideas, and in the present, several yōkai created by them (e. Kameosa and Amikiri, see below) are wrongly considered as being of legendary origin.[2]Concept[edit]What is thought of as supernatural depends on the time period, but generally it is considered that the older the time period, the more phenomena were considered supernatural.[4]According to the ancient ideas of animism, a spirit- like being called a mononoke among other things was thought to reside in all things.[5] It was believed that these spirits possessed various kinds of emotions, and if the spirit was peaceful, it was a nigi- mitama that brought about good fortune such as a good harvest, and if the spirit was violent, it was an ara- mitama that brought about ill fortune such as natural disasters and illness, and the ritual for converting ara- mitama into nigi- mitama was called the chinkon ("the calming of the spirits").[6] One's ancestors, other well- respected people, and sometimes even nature and animals depending on the area were considered nigi- mitama that became protective gods that received worship. At the same time, people also tried performing chinkon rituals in order to quell the misfortune- making beings from making any more misfortune and fear, the misfortunes and fears that were still unexplained in those eras.[7] In other words, yokai- like beings can be said to be from the ara- mitama that weren't deified, failed to be deified, or stopped being deified.[8]As time went on, the things that were thought of as supernatural became fewer and fewer. At the same time, yokai became depicted in emaki and paintings that stabilized how they appeared, turned them into characters, lessened their fearful nature, and became subjects of entertainment as time went on.

The tendency to use yokai as objects of entertainment can be seen starting from the middle ages,[9] and becoming definitive in the Edo periods and beyond.[1. Watch From Beneath Torent Free. The folkloricist Tsutomu Ema looked at various literature on legends, folklore, and paintings and divided yokai and henge (変化, or "mutants") into various categories, which was presented in the Nihon Yokai Henge Shi and the Obake no Rekishi. In Japanese folkloristics, yokai are divided into categories depending on where they reportedly appear, and they are indexed as follows in the book Sogo Nihon Minzoku Goi (綜合日本民俗語彙, "A Complete Dictionary of Japanese Folklore"): [1. Yama no ke (mountains), michi no ke (paths), ki no ke (trees), mizu no ke (water), umi no ke (the sea), yuki no ke (snow), oto no ke (sound), doubutsu no ke (animals, either real or imagined)History[edit]Ancient history[edit]First century: there is a book from what is now China titled 循史伝 with the statement "the spectre (yokai) was in the imperial court for a long time.

The king asked Tui for the reason. He answered that there was great anxiety and he gave a recommendation to empty the imperial room" (久之 宮中数有妖恠（妖怪） 王以問遂 遂以為有大憂 宮室将空), thus using "妖恠" to mean "phenomenon that surpasses human knowledge."Houki 8 (7. Shoku Nihongi, there is the statement "shinto purification is performed because yokai appear very often in the imperial court, (大祓、宮中にしきりに、妖怪あるためなり)," using the word "yokai" to mean not anything in particular, but strange phenomena in general. Middle of the Heian era (7.

In The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, there is the statement "there are tenacious mononoke (いと執念き御もののけに侍るめり)" as well as a statement by Murasaki Shikibu that "the mononoke have become quite dreadful (御もののけのいみじうこはきなりけり)," which are the first appearances of the word "mononoke."Koubu 3 (1. In the Taiheiki, in the fifth volume, there is the statement, "Sagami no Nyudo was not at all frightened by yokai."The ancient times were a period abundant in literature and folktales mentioning and explaining yokai. Literature such as the Kojiki, the Nihon Shoki, and various Fudoki expositioned on legends from the ancient past, and mentions of oni, orochi, among other kinds of mysterious phenomena can already be seen in them.[1. In the Heian period, collections of stories about youkai and other supernatural phenomena were published in multiple volumes, starting with publications such as the Nihon Ryōiki and the Konjaku Monogatarishū, and in these publications, mentions of phenomena such as Hyakki Yagyō can be seen.[1. The yokai that appear in these literature were passed on to later generations.[1. However, despite the literature mentioning and explaining these yokai, they were never given any visual depictions.

In Buddhist paintings such as the Hell Scroll (Nara National Museum), which came from the later Heian period, there are visual expressions of the idea of oni, but actual visual depictions would only come later in the middle ages, from the Kamakura period and beyond.[1. Yamata no Orochi was originally a local god but turned into a youkai that was slain by Susanoo.[1. Yasaburo was originally a bandit whose vengeful spirit (onryo) turned into a poisonous snake upon death and plagued the water in a paddy, but eventually became deified as the "wisdom god of the well (井の明神)."[1. Kappa and inugami are sometimes treated as gods in one area and youkai in other areas.

From these examples, it can be seen that among Japanese gods, there are some beings that can go from god to youkai and vice versa.[1. Post- classical history[edit]. The Hyakki Yagyo Emaki, author unknown. It comes from the Muromachi period. Medieval Japan was a time period where publications such as Emakimono, Otogizōshi, and other visual depictions of yokai started to appear. While there were religious publications such as the Jisha Engi (寺社縁起), others, such as the Otogizōshi, were intended more for entertainment, starting the trend where yokai became more and more seen as subjects of entertainment. For examples, tales of yokai extermination could be said to be a result of emphasizing the superior status of human society over yokai.[9] Publications included: The Ooe- yama Shuten- doji Emaki (about an oni), the Zegaibou Emaki (about a tengu), the Tawara no Touta Emaki (俵藤太絵巻) (about a giant snake and a centipede), the Tsuchigumo Zoshi (土蜘蛛草紙) (about tsuchigumo), and the Dojo- ji Engi Emaki(about a giant snake).

These emaki were about yokai that come from even older times. The Kitano Tenjin Engi Emaki, in which Sugawara no Michizane was a lightning god who took on the form of an oni, and despite attacking people after doing this, he was still deified as a god in the end.[9]The Junirui Emaki, the Tamamono Soshi, (both about Tamamo- no- Mae), and the Fujibukuro Soushi Emaki (about a monkey). These emaki told of yokai mutations of animals. The Tsukumogami Emaki, which told tales of thrown away none- too- precious objects that come to have a spirit residing in them planning evil deeds against humans, and ultimately get exorcised and sent to peace. Year Of The Comet Full Movie more. The Hyakki Yagyō Emaki, depicting many different kinds of yokai all marching together.