Protests against SOPA and PIPA. A screenshot of the English Wikipedia landing page, symbolically its only page during the blackout on January 1. On January 1. 8, 2. United States Congress—the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA). These followed smaller protests in late 2. Protests were based on concerns that the bills, intended to provide more robust responses to copyright infringement (colloquially known as piracy) arising outside the United States, contained measures that could possibly infringe online freedom of speech, websites, and Internet communities. Protesters also argued that there were insufficient safeguards in place to protect sites based upon user- generated content. Watch Iron Man Download.

The move to a formal protest was initiated when some websites, including Reddit and the English Wikipedia, considered temporarily closing their content and redirecting users to a message opposing the proposed legislation. Others, such as Google, Mozilla, and Flickr, soon featured protests against the acts. Some shut down completely, while others kept some or all of their content accessible. According to protest organizer Fight for the Future, over 1. Internet protest.[1] In addition to the online protests, there were simultaneous physical demonstrations in several U.

S. cities, including New York City, San Francisco and Seattle, and separately during December 2. Go Daddy. The protests were reported globally. The January protest, initially planned to coincide with the first SOPA hearing of the year, drew publicity and reaction. Days prior to the action, the White House issued a statement that it would "not support legislation that reduces freedom of expression, increases cybersecurity risk, or undermines the dynamic, innovative global Internet."[2] On January 1. Wikipedia,[3] 3 million people emailed Congress to express opposition to the bills,[1] more than 1 million messages were sent to Congress through the Electronic Frontier Foundation,[4] a petition at Google recorded over 4. Twitter recorded at least 2. SOPA- related tweets,[3] and lawmakers collected "more than 1. Afghan Knights Full Movie In English more.

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During and after the January protest, a number of politicians who had previously supported the bills expressed concerns with the proposals in their existing form, while others withdrew their support entirely. Internationally, "scathing" criticism of the bills was voiced from World Wide Web inventor Sir Tim Berners- Lee,[6] as well as the European Commissioner for the Digital Agenda.[7] Some observers were critical of the tactics used; the Boston Herald described the service withdrawals as evidence of "how very powerful these cyber- bullies can be."[8]Motion Picture Association of America Chairman Chris Dodd stated that the coordinated shutdown was "an abuse of power given the freedoms these companies enjoy in the marketplace today."[9] Others such as The New York Times saw the protests as "a political coming of age for the tech industry."[1. By January 2. 0, 2. The bills were removed from further voting, ostensibly to be revised to take into consideration the issues raised,[5] but according to The New York Times probably "shelved" following a "flight away from the bill".[5] Opposers noted the bills had been "indefinitely postponed" but cautioned they were "not dead" and "would return."[1.

Background[edit]Background to bills[edit]The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) are bills that were introduced into the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate in the last quarter of 2. Both are responses to the problem of enforcement of U. S. laws against websites outside U. S. jurisdiction. While the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and other existing laws have generally been considered effective against illegal content or activities on U. S.- based sites,[1. SOPA and PIPA proposed to rectify this by cutting off infringing sites from their U. S. based funding (particularly advertising), payment processors, appearances on search engines, and visibility on web browsers, instead.

Major providers of all these services are predominantly U. S. based. Notably, the provisions also involved modifying the DNS system, a crucial service that underpins the entire Internet and allows computers to locate each other reliably around the world. Supporters included, but were not limited to, media companies and industry associations such as the Motion Picture Association of America, the Recording Industry Association of America and the Entertainment Software Association. Supporters generally identified a need to have more effective laws to combat the illegal domestic sales of products and services, the counterfeiting and sale of products (such as prescription drugs, athletic shoes, and cosmetics), and worldwide copyright infringing activities which were problematic to prevent inasmuch as they originated outside the United States. Those opposed included a mixture of technology and Internet firms and associations, content creators such as the Wikipedia community, free software authors, free speech organizations, lawmakers, and other websites and organizations, as well as members of the public using their services.

They generally identified two main areas of severe side- effects: (1) effects on Internet websites, communities and user- generated content, and (2) effects on critically fundamental internet architecture and security: Effects on websites, web communities and user- generated content - The scope, language, definitions, procedures, remedies, and provision for immunity following wrongful allegations was seen as insufficiently narrow and well- defined. Legal analysts suggested that draconian court orders could be obtained without undue difficulty to "take down" an entire site, without dialog or notification, due process, or liability for compensation if incorrect, even if the site were legitimate.[1. Perceived consequences included serious undermining of free speech on the Internet, devastation of the Internet's communities, and widespread closure and chilling of websites, particularly those including user- created content or organizations such as libraries providing reference information.[1. Observers also noted the laws could be used strategically against legitimate competitors or during elections.[6]Effects on critical Internet architecture - Technical experts testified that the proposed DNS measures conflicted with the fundamental basis of the Internet and would "break" ongoing attempts to make the net more secure against malicious use.

Google's policy director, Bob Boorstin, stated that a site like You. Tube supporting user- generated content "would just go dark immediately" to comply with the legislation.[1. Tumblr, one of the first websites active in grassroots activism against the bills, added a feature that "censored" its website on November 1. Reddit also became deeply involved.[1]Legislative and protest timeline[edit]On November 1.

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U. S. House Judiciary Committee was marked by online protests involving blackened website banners, popularly described as "American Censorship Day". On December 1. 5, 2. House Judiciary Committee mark- up hearing took place for SOPA, prior to its eventual move to the House floor.[1. During the markup session, several proposed amendments to address technological and other concerns were defeated. The mark- up process was put on hold to be resumed after the new year. Around this time, numerous websites began displaying banners and messages promoting their readerships to contact Congress to stop the progress of the bill, and some websites began to discuss or endorse a possible "Internet blackout" before any vote on SOPA in the House, as a means of further protest.[1.

Reddit was the first major site to announce an "Internet blackout" for January 1. A notable political response to the November 2. December of a bipartisan third, alternative, bill with the support of technology companies such as Google and Facebook,[1.